热塑挤压操作参数对低值水产蛋白组织化制品物理特性的影响

以北太平洋鱿鱼加工废弃的边角料为原料,采用双螺杆挤压技术,利用响应面分析方法研究了主要操作参数物料含水量、机筒温度和螺杆转速对鱿鱼蛋白挤出物的水分含量和堆积密度的影响,分别建立挤出物水分含量、堆积密度与操作参数的回归拟合方程。结果表明,物料含水量对挤出物水分含量的影响非常明显,两者呈现正相关关系,物料含水量和机筒温度的交互作用对挤出物的水分含量和堆积密度的影响均呈显著性;水分含量、堆积密度与操作参数的回归拟合方程的相关系数R2分别是0.952和0.819,拟合的统计模型具有较高的可信度。     

Impacts of Swiss needle cast on overstory Douglas-fir forests of the western Oregon Coast Range

Tree-ring analysis was applied to assess the impacts of the fungal disease Swiss needle cast on the radial growth of mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the western Oregon Coast Range. Although considered endemic to the Pacific Northwest, Swiss needle cast has significantly lowered productivity in Douglas-fir forests only in the past 20–30 years. To date, studies on Swiss needle cast impacts have almost exclusively involved young (<30 years) plantation trees. To better describe the history of Swiss needle cast and its impacts on older (>80 years) trees, we extracted tree cores from dominant and codominant Douglas-fir and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in three even-aged stands in western Oregon. In the least affected stand growth rates of both species did not significantly differ, while at the most severely diseased site Douglas-fir radial growth was reduced by as much as 85%. Growth reductions likely associated with Swiss needle cast were dated to as early as 1950, though the most severe impacts occurred after 1984. An index of Swiss needle cast severity significantly (p < 0.01) related to instrumental records of air temperatures such that warm conditions from March through August were associated with reduced radial growth at the most severely affected site. Overall, this study demonstrates that even mature forests of natural origin are susceptible to severe growth reductions by Swiss needle cast, that warmer spring and summer temperatures are associated with Swiss needle cast impacts, and that the disease appears to be increasing in severity.     

Organic matter inputs into headwater streams of southwestern British Columbia as a function of riparian reserves and time since harvesting

Riparian vegetation strongly influences the structure and function of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; therefore, harvest of riparian trees can profoundly impact these habitats. Riparian reserves (no harvest zones) are used world-wide to reduce these impacts, including effects on organic matter dynamics. There are, however, few experimental evaluations of their efficacy. Particulate organic matter delivery from riparian vegetation to streams, a critical ecosystem process, was measured over an eight year period after logging in southwestern British Columbia, Canada to quantify the relationship between these litter fluxes and riparian reserves (unlogged controls, 30 and 10-m wide uncut reserves, and clear-cuts). We hypothesized that the timing, composition and quantity of organic matter entering these streams would vary as a function of reserve width, but that these differences would decline with time since logging. We also hypothesized that inter-annual variation in precipitation patterns would partially contribute to litter dynamics. Riparian treatment significantly affected the quantity and composition of litter flux: inputs of needles and twigs were significantly lower and proportion of deciduous litter higher in clear-cut streams compared to other treatments. ANOVA models indicated that treatment differences in litter flux persisted through year 7 for some components of litter, while regression models indicated positive trends between reserve width and litter flux through year 8. This positive slope indicates the clear-cut treatment had yet to recover from logging. Variation in snowfall and plant succession contributed to temporal variation in litter flux; in some cases, litter inputs increased with annual snowfall. Another key finding from this study was that riparian reserves provided total litter inputs to streams that were similar to fully forested controls.     

Avian foraging and nesting use of created snags in intensively-managed forests of western Oregon,USA

Snags are critical structural features for managing biological diversity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, commercial forests in this region often contain reduced numbers of snags compared to unmanaged forests and managers require effective methods to augment snag numbers in harvest units. Therefore, we created snags by topping live trees with a mechanical harvester and studied foraging and nesting use by cavity-nesting birds of these snags in clearcuts in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensezii) forests along the west slope of the Cascade Mountain Range and east slope of the Coast Range in Oregon, USA. We used a completely randomized design to assign 6 different treatments (single or scattered distribution by 3 different densities) to 31 different harvest units. We created 1111 snags from February 1997 through April 1999 and monitored them from 2–5 years after harvest (1999–2002). Fraction of created snags with nest cavities in harvest units was generally low across all treatments and years of the study, although some individual stands demonstrated increased nesting use with snag age. While the highest fractions of snags with nest cavities were found in units with low density and scattered snags, the mean fraction of snags used for nesting did not differ among treatments. Treatment type, distribution of snags (i.e., scattered or clumped), and associated interactions did not influence fraction of snags used for foraging. However, fraction of created snags used for foraging in all harvest units increased with snag age. Fraction of snags used for foraging was greatest in the low density treatments. While this technique provides managers with a relatively economical option for creating snags, mechanical harvesters cannot be used to create tall, large snags upon which several cavity-dependent species rely and provides only a partial solution to a critical forest management issue.     

东南太平洋公海智利竹(荚)鱼年龄与生长研究

智利竹筴鱼是一种重要的中上层经济鱼类,对其生活史关键过程的认识还相当有限。根据2006年5-8月在智利公海采集的智利竹筴鱼样本,利用其中963尾智利竹筴鱼耳石对其年龄进行了鉴定,估算了智利竹筴鱼叉长体重关系以及von Bertalanffy生长方程参数,并分析了智利竹筴鱼耳石重量(OW)与年龄的关系。研究结果表明,样本最大年龄9龄,最小年龄2龄,样本年龄组成以4龄为主(71.5%)。智利竹筴鱼叉长体重方程参数a、b分别为0.000 03和2.801 9,von Bertalanffy生长方程参数L∞为738.4 mm,k为0.107,t0为-1.08。耳石重量与年龄呈显著线性关系(r=0.74,P<0.001),表明耳石重量可用于智利竹筴鱼年龄鉴定。     

印度洋中南部长鳍金枪鱼生物学特性的研究

根据2008年9月—2009年4月印度洋中南部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场所捕获的长鳍金枪鱼Thunnus alalun-ga数据,对该鱼种的生物学特征进行了分析。结果表明：1）叉长为74~120 cm,优势叉长为105~110cm,约占总数的47.8%,平均叉长为（107.2±4.99）cm。2）长鳍金枪鱼叉长（LF,cm）与加工后重（WD,kg）的关系可表达为WD=1.7146×10-5LF3.0197（总体）,WDM=7×10-5L2F.M7229（雄性）,WDF=2×10-6L3F.F5354（雌性）。3）调查期间,长鳍金枪鱼性腺成熟度以Ⅳ级为主,约占总数的43.1%。4）当长鳍金枪鱼叉长小于100 cm时,摄食等级以0级和2级为主;当叉长为100~120 cm时,空胃率达39%以上,且随叉长的增长而递增。当叉长为91~110 cm时,摄食饱满指数随叉长增长而上升;当叉长为111~120 cm时,饱满指数随叉长递增而降低。     

基于Argo数据的中西太平洋鲣渔获量与水温、表层盐度关系的初步研究

根据上海金汇远洋渔业公司2007年度在中西太平洋海域进行鲣Katsuwonus pelamis围网作业的生产数据以及Argo剖面浮标数据,利用地理信息系统软件Arcview,按1°×1°的格式绘制了各月产量、表层温度、表层盐度以及50m和200m水层温度等,并对数据进行了综合分析。结果表明：鲣的高渔获量区域主要分布于150°～153°E、160°-161°E,0°～2°S的水域;2007年最高月产量和最高单网平均日产量（CPUE）的月份分别为8月和2月;通过K—S检验,2007年最适表层温度为29．3～30．1℃,最适表层盐度为34．0～35．2;0～200m、50～200m水层的垂直温差为11℃时,渔获量达到最大。Shapiro—wilk正态性检验结果表明,渔获量与0—200m、50—200m水层的垂直温差服从正态分布关系。上述结论符合生产实践中获得的情况,表明Argo数据可以应用于渔业生产和科研中。     

Effect of Discontinuous Administration of β -glucan and Glycyrrhizin on the Growth and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei

A six-week growth trial was conducted to compare the effects of different feeding strate- gies of dietary immunostimulants on the growth and immunity of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei （4.70 ±0.20g）. Shrimps were fed with diet containing glycyrrhizin continuously, containing β -glucan continuously, discontinuously （seven days with diet containing β -gluseven days with diet without -glucan; two days with diet containing β-glucan following five days with diet without -glucan）,     

利用GIS分析中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场的时空变动

根据中西太平洋1984~2003年金枪鱼围网渔业的渔获量统计资料,利用G IS定性分析方法和数值分析方法对中西太平洋海区的金枪鱼围网渔场的时空变动进行研究。研究结果表明:1984年到1991年,CPUE值在12.0~17.3 t/(d.n)之间;1992年至2003年,CPUE值在19.1~27.9 t/(d.n)之间,两个阶段的CPUE差异显著;Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类渔场基本上全部分布在5°S~5°N、140°E~180°之间,但Ⅲ类渔场在南半球略往东延伸,在10~5°S、155°~160°E之间也有分布;Ⅳ、Ⅴ类渔场则分布在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类渔场的周边,其中Ⅳ类渔场主要位于东经地区,Ⅴ类渔场主要位于西经地区。     

北太平洋远东拟沙丁鱼渔场时空分布及其最适环境特征

基于2019—2020年北太平洋灯光敷网渔业数据和海表温度、叶绿素、海面高度等环境数据,采用空间叠加图、频次分析与经验累积分布函数、K-S检验和GAM模型4种方法分析了远东拟沙丁鱼(Sardinops sagax)渔场的单位捕捞努力量(CPUE)时空分布特征及与关键环境因子的相关关系。分析结果显示,作业渔场重心分布范围为147°~153°E、39°~43°N,在4—8月向东北方向移动,9—11月则向西南方向折返。通过频次分析与经验累积分布函数分析,中心渔场区域最适海表温度为10.0~18.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。K-S检验分析表明,高值CPUE海域和海表温度、叶绿素浓度、海面高度均有密切关系,最适范围分别为10.9~18.9 ℃、0.2~0.6 mg/m3、0.2~0.7 m。GAM模型模拟结果表明,高值CPUE的最适海表温度为11.0~17.0 ℃,最适叶绿素浓度为0.3~0.8 mg/m3,最适海面高度为0.1~0.4 m。综合来说,CPUE高值区海域的最适海表温度为11.0~18.0 ℃,叶绿素浓度为0.2~0.6 mg/m3,海面高度为0.2~0.7 m。